Hori Hori Knife and How!

my hori hori knife is my favorite versatile gardening tool. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Hori Hori Knife and How!

I first learned about hori hori knifes when I was working in Japan for a few weeks. The hori hori knife is a versatile, traditional Japanese tool. The name "hori hori" comes from the Japanese word "hori," which means "to dig," and it is often used to describe the tool's primary function—digging or extracting plants from the soil.

History of the Hori Hori Knife

The origins of the hori hori knife trace back to Japan, where it was developed over centuries as a tool for gardeners, farmers, and foragers. The word "hori" refers to the act of digging or uprooting, and the repetition of the word emphasizes its versatility. Although the exact date of its origin is unclear, it's believed to have been used in Japan for many generations, likely dating back to the Edo period (1603-1868).

The early versions of the hori hori knife were created with high-quality carbon steel, and the blade was often hand-forged by skilled blacksmiths. Over time, the tool became indispensable for tasks ranging from weeding to planting and harvesting. It was designed for efficiency and comfort, enabling users to perform several gardening tasks with a single tool.

In modern times, the hori hori knife has gained popularity outside of Japan, particularly among gardeners, landscapers, and enthusiasts around the world. The high-quality craftsmanship, combined with its versatility, has made it a favorite tool for people who work with their hands in the soil.

Design of the Hori Hori Knife

The hori hori knife typically features:

• A wide, curved blade with a sharp edge, which is great for digging, slicing, and cutting.

• A pointed tip that allows for precision tasks such as planting bulbs or prying out weeds or plants.

• A full tang construction, meaning the blade extends through the entire length of the handle for strength and durability.

• A wooden or plastic handle that is often ergonomically shaped for comfort and control during prolonged use.

Many hori hori knives also come with a serrated edge on one side of the blade, which adds the capability for cutting through thicker materials like roots, twine, or thick stems.

How to Use a Hori Hori Knife in the Garden

The versatility of the hori hori knife is what makes it such an invaluable tool for gardeners. Here's a breakdown of its many uses:

1. Weeding
   The sharp, pointed blade of the hori hori knife makes it easy to get underneath weeds and pry them out from their roots. With the serrated edge, it’s possible to cut through tough roots, preventing the weed from growing back.

2. Digging and Planting
   The curved blade is ideal for digging small planting holes, whether you're setting seeds, bulbs, or transplanting seedlings. The knife’s design allows you to control the depth of your planting, making it easier to plant with precision.

3. Harvesting
   The sharp edge of the knife can be used to harvest a wide variety of crops, including root vegetables like carrots or beets. It can also be used to slice through the stems of herbs, flowers, or even small fruit-bearing plants.

4. Cutting Through Soil and Roots
   The serrated edge is useful for cutting through compacted soil or tough roots that may be obstructing a planting area. This makes it an excellent tool for clearing space in garden beds.

5. Transplanting
   When dividing and transplanting plants, a hori hori knife allows you to cut through soil and roots with ease, helping you divide plants without damaging them too much. It's particularly effective for cutting through densely packed root systems.

6. Mulching and Removing Small Stones
   If you need to apply mulch or loosen the soil before laying down a layer of compost or mulch, the hori hori knife is a great tool to gently loosen and break up compacted areas of soil.

7. Precision Tasks
   For more delicate tasks such as harvesting herbs, trimming vines, or cutting through thick grasses, the fine edge and pointed tip allow for precision and control.

8. Pruning
   While it isn’t a dedicated pruning tool like pruning shears, the hori hori knife can be used for light pruning tasks, especially for cutting back smaller plants, removing dead growth, or trimming excess stems.

Caring for Your Hori Hori Knife

To keep your hori hori knife in good working order:

• Clean it regularly after use, especially if it comes into contact with soil, sap, or plant material. Wipe it down with a damp cloth and dry it thoroughly.

• Sharpen the blade as needed, either with a sharpening stone or a honing tool, to maintain its cutting edge.

• If you have a wooden handle, periodically treat it with a wood oil (like linseed oil) to keep it from drying out or cracking.

• Store the knife in a safe, dry place to prevent rusting, especially if it is made from carbon steel (which is more prone to rust than stainless steel). Planting it in the garden does not count although I do tend to misplace a few during the growing season.

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my free weekly Garden Notes newsletter.

Charlotte

Gardener Gift Ideas

some gardener gift ideas include a garden tool appron, hori hori knife, gardening gloves and tools. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Gardener Gift Ideas

It can be challenging to find gardening gifts in December. If you live in a part of the country where the gardening season ends in October, most local gardening centers close down until maybe February when early plants come in.

The following are some of my best gardener gift ideas that should be locally available:

1.Hori Hori Knife. By far my favorite gardening tool, this Japanese gardening implement can dig, cut, trim and measure. Be careful because it should be sharp.

2. Ergonomic Gardening Tools. Two of our local garden centers have their gardening tools on sale November-December. Look for the ones with springs and other elements that make using the tools easy on the hands. A garden apron that fits around a 5-gallon bucket is also handy. Pruners, trimmers and snip are all excellent choices.

3. Gardening Gloves. Good quality gardening gloves are worth every penny. Look for the ones with reinforced fingers and a velco strip to close the gloves around wrists.

4. Moisturizing Hand Creams. Gardeners should be wearing gloves but in most cases gloves come off and don’t get back on before the end of the project. Moisturizing hand creams are a wonderful reward for all of that work. Look for ones with aloe in the beauty supply section.

5. Birdhouses. Birds are natural pest control since 60% of all birds depend on caterpillars for baby food. Find one with a removable bottom for easy cleaning and directions on how to install it.

6. Tiny Gardening Tools.These may be harder to find but I saw several sets on sale at our local big box store. These are smaller gardening tools for gardeners with indoor plants.

7. Native Bee Houses. Native bees are the ones challenged with loss of habitat so a native bee house is a way to help native bees. Look for ones that are closer to 7” long and add chicken wire to the front to discourage birds from eating the hibernating bees.

8. Flexible Garden Hoses. I don’t get along with vacuums and plastic hoses so these flexible lightweight garden hoses are a great improvement. Your biggest challenge will be deciding if you want the hose to blend in with the grass or stand out.

9. Bath Salts. From basic Epsom salts to the fancier bath bombs, bath salts are a treat to any gardener who’s spent the day in the garden. There are basic ones as well as flower-scented ones. If you’re not sure, choose the basic one. These are also available in the beauty section.

10. Gardening Christmas Ornaments. My first garden-themed Christmas ornament came from a friend so don’t assume gardeners buy themed ornaments. Add a date somewhere to help add context to the gift.

Did you notice I didn’t mention books or digital gadgets? Books are hard to buy without knowing what books the gardener already has. Digital gadgets are usually only available online and this was a list of gift ideas one should be able to find locally ie. last minute gift shopping.

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes, my free weekly newsletter.

Charlotte

Winter Forecasting

one of my rescues is an excellent weather forecaster; if all fred sleeps in I know it’s cold. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Winter Forecasting: Nature Forecasters

Shortly after moving to Missouri, one of my neighbors tried to explain the rules behind winter weather predictions. Regardless of what professional forecasters say, local residents put more faith in traditional forecasting through nature, such as woolly worm forecasting and reading persimmon seeds.

Wooly Worms: As I recall, all black wooly worms mean a rough winter ahead; honey brown bands mean mild periods where the bands are on the worm. If the woolly worm has spiky protrusions, watch for ice. If it’s well, “woollier” than normal, better bundle up.

Persimmon Seeds: A spoon shape inside indicates above average snowfall, a knife shape signals colder than normal temperatures and a fork shape means warmer than average temperatures.

Ant Mounds: Higher and larger ant and termite mounds mean a colder than normal winter. If they’re rushing back and forth in straight lines, rain is coming. When they go in search of food in random patterns, the weather will be good.

About this time of year I think about this winter forecasting sign and say to myself I would like to meet the person who sat around watching ants and then comparing their behavior to winter patterns. Then again, maybe not.

Bee Nests: Bee nests built higher than usual means cold weather ahead. They also cluster around, and in, the hive when stormy weather is approaching.

It’s true honeybees cluster – they don’t hibernate – inside a hive when stormy weather is approaching. As a beekeeper, it’s one of the ways I know bad weather is moving in. Bees also move up the hive through winter, eating the honey above them. My bees mid-September were already in their second of their three hive boxes so I moved them down to the first floor. That makes sure they have enough food for winter.

Is that a good predictor of weather? Probably not, it’s what bees do when daylight gets shorter.

Crickets Chirping: If you need to know the temperature, count the number of chirps in a 14-second time span of cricket chirping. Add 40 to that number and you’ll be within one degree. In fact, many insects tend to be more active when it’s warmer, including the sounds they make.

Flies: If flies land and bite, rain is imminent.

Katydids: When Katydids begin their chirping chorus, you can expect the first hard frost in 90 days.

Spiders: Seeing more spiders than usual? That supposedly means abnormally cold temperatures ahead.

If spider webs are flying in the wind, there will be no rain. If a spider puts up a web, the upcoming weather will be fine. If the spider removes it, a storm is on its way.

Cats: My cats should work for weather forecasters because they do a good job of weather forecasting, too. Somehow they know when its cold because they refuse to get out of bed.

How do you like to predict the upcoming winter?

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Asian v. Native Ladybugs

asian ladybugs moving into my basement mid fall 2024. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Asian v. Native Ladybugs

It finally happened to me. Asian ladybugs found an entrance to my basement and moved in during cold winter fall nights. They look very similar to native ladybugs but are an introduced species. Here’s a comparison of Asian ladybugs (Harmonia axyridis) versus native ladybugs, highlighting their pros and cons:

Asian Ladybugs (Harmonia axyridis)

Pros:

1. Effective Pest Control: Highly efficient at preying on aphids, scales, and other pests, contributing significantly to agricultural pest management.

2. Rapid Reproduction: They can reproduce quickly and in larger numbers, which helps in controlling pest populations more effectively.

3. Adaptability: They thrive in various environments, allowing them to spread and establish in many regions.

Cons:

1. Invasive Nature: They can outcompete native ladybugs for resources, leading to declines in native populations and disrupting local ecosystems.

2. Nuisance Behavior: In the fall, they often seek shelter in homes, leading to unwanted infestations.

3. Potential Allergens: They can release chemicals that cause allergic reactions in some people.

Native Ladybugs (Various Species)

Pros:

1. Ecosystem Balance: Native ladybugs are well adapted to their environments and help maintain the balance of local ecosystems.

2. Biodiversity Support: They support the diversity of local fauna, contributing to healthy ecosystems.

3. Less Likely to Become Pests: Native species are less likely to invade homes in large numbers compared to Asian ladybugs.

Cons:

1. Limited Range: Some native ladybug species may have narrower diets or habitat preferences, making them less effective at pest control in some areas.

2. Population Declines: Many native species are experiencing population declines due to habitat loss, pesticide use, and competition from invasive species like Asian ladybugs.

3. Slower Reproduction: Native ladybugs may not reproduce as rapidly as Asian ladybugs, which can limit their effectiveness in controlling pest outbreaks.

While Asian ladybugs are excellent at pest control, they are invasive and can be a nuisance. In contrast, native ladybugs face challenges from habitat loss and competition but play crucial roles in their ecosystems.

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Mulching v. Composting

dry leaves can be both used in composting and in mulching. (charlotte ekker wiggins photos)

Composting v. Mulching: Pros and Cons

Late fall gardeners start to talk about composting, a term often confused with mulching. Both are excellent methods for managing organic materials in your garden, but they serve different purposes and have distinct advantages and disadvantages:

Composting Pros:

1. Nutrient-Rich Soil Amendment: Composting produces nutrient-rich soil known as humus, which improves soil structure, fertility, and moisture retention.

2. Reduces Waste: It helps divert organic waste from landfills, reducing methane emissions and contributing to environmental sustainability.

3. Versatile Use: Finished compost can be used as a soil amendment, potting mix, or mulch, providing nutrients for plants.

4. Improves Soil Health: Compost introduces beneficial microorganisms to the soil, promoting healthy plant growth and suppressing diseases.

5. Reduces Soil Erosion: Helps prevent erosion by improving soil structure and water retention.

Composting Cons:

1. Time-Consuming: Composting can take several months to a year to produce usable compost, depending on the method and materials used.

2. Requires Space: It may require space for compost bins or piles, which might not be feasible for individuals with limited outdoor space.

3. Requires Effort: Turning or maintaining the compost pile regularly requires effort and physical labor.

4. Odor Concerns: Improperly managed compost piles might emit odors, especially if not aerated correctly or if inappropriate materials are included.

Mulching Pros:

1. Conserves Moisture: Mulch helps retain soil moisture, reducing the need for frequent watering and conserving water.

2. Weed Suppression: It suppresses weed growth by blocking sunlight and inhibiting weed germination.

3. Regulates Soil Temperature: Mulch acts as an insulator, regulating soil temperature by keeping it cooler in summer and warmer in winter.

4. Soil Erosion Prevention: Helps prevent soil erosion by shielding the soil surface from heavy rain or wind.

5. Improves Soil Fertility: Over time, organic mulches decompose, adding nutrients to the soil.

Mulching Cons:

1. Temporary Solution: Mulch breaks down over time and needs periodic replenishment, requiring ongoing effort and cost.

2. May Attract Pests: Some organic mulches can attract pests like rodents or insects.

3. Improper Application: Incorrectly applied mulch (too thick or against plant stems) can lead to moisture-related issues or rot in plants.

4. Limitations on Types: Certain plants might not thrive with certain mulch types due to acidity, composition, or other factors.

While composting enriches soil, reduces waste, and promotes soil health, it requires time, space, and effort. Mulching, on the other hand, conserves moisture, suppresses weeds, and regulates soil temperature, but needs periodic renewal and proper application to avoid potential drawbacks.

When used appropriately, both practices can complement each other and offer valuable benefits. And they'll use up all of the dead leaves delivered by nature to your garden door!

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Sprouting Redbud Seeds

native eastern redbud trees produce seeds in pods that dry through summer. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Sprouting Redbud Seeds

It's almost time for cold weather and planting. Yes, I said planting. Many native tree and flower species need exposure to cold weather first to get them to germinate. Several readers have asked about how to get Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) tree seeds to germinate and that is one of a number of favorite plant species that need that exposure to cold to get spring sprouts.

If you look at Eastern redbud seeds close up, they have a hard, impermeable seed coat that contains the dormant seed embryos. Other plants aslo have hard similar seeds such as nasturtiums, morning glories, hyacinth benas. To give these seeds an extra hand, I soak those hard seeds in a bowl of water for a day or so to soften the outer seed coat. you can also gently rub the seeds with sandpaper, assuming you can hold on to those tiny ones. The idea is to mimic outside elements wearing down the seed coats.

There are two ways you can then expose seeds to cold.

Cold Stratification

1. Moisture and Cold Treatment:

   • After scarification, place the seeds in a moist medium like sand, peat moss, or a damp paper towel. The medium should be moist but not soggy.

   • Place the seeds and medium in a sealed plastic bag or container and store it in the refrigerator at 33°F to 41°F (1°C to 5°C) for 30 to 90 days. This cold period replicates winter and helps break dormancy.

2. Temperature Fluctuation (Optional): In nature, seeds also experience slight fluctuations in temperature. If you want to closely mimic this, you can occasionally remove the seeds from the refrigerator for a day and then return them.

3. Planting: After the cold stratification period, the seeds are ready for planting. Sow them about 1/4 inch deep in well-draining soil, and keep the soil consistently moist. Warmer spring temperatures (around 68°F to 75°F) will encourage germination.

Natural Stratification

Frankly I prefer to let nature do the work. I sow the seeds directly outdoors in the fall. If I want to ensure that the seeds have made it, I will sow the seeds in soil-filled milk jugs I seal up and leave in a protected garden corner. That has worked well for starting purple coneflowers, black eyed susans and New England asters.

As far as Eastern redbuds are concerned, my garden does quite well getting seedlings started on its own. When I want to share some seedlings in the spring, all I have to do is walk around and dig up the sprouts that show up after winter. Doesn't get much easier!

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Favorite Trees Fall Leaf Color

missouri’s state tree flowering dogwood turns reddish peach in fall. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Favorite Trees Fall Leaf Color

We've been in a late summer drought where I live in mid-Missouri so leaf drop is in part because trees are parched. It's also because we are heading into fall and as temperatures drop, plants are settling into a slower season.

Trees change color in the fall due to a combination of factors, including shorter days, cooler temperatures, and less sunlight. As the days get shorter, trees begin to produce less chlorophyll, the green pigment that allows them to absorb sunlight and photosynthesize. As chlorophyll levels decrease, the other pigments in the leaves, such as carotenoids and anthocyanins, become more visible.

Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and brown pigments that are present in leaves throughout the growing season. However, they are masked by the green chlorophyll.

In fall, as chlorophyll breaks down, the carotenoids become more visible, giving leaves their yellow and orange hues.

Anthocyanins are red, purple, and blue pigments that are produced in leaves in response to cool temperatures, bright light, and stress. As the weather cools in fall and the days get shorter, trees produce more anthocyanins. This gives leaves their striking red, purple, and crimson colors.

If you live in an area without seasons, you're missing this color change in the landscape which can be very dramatic. I love watching the changes in the seasons.

Here are 9 examples of favorite trees and the colors their leaves turn:

• Sugar maple: Red, orange, and yellow

• Red maple: Red, orange, and purple

• Oak: Red, orange, brown, and yellow

• Hickory: Yellow, orange, and brown

• Ash: Yellow, orange, and purple

• Birch: Yellow, orange, and red

• Sweetgum: Red, orange, and yellow

• Dogwood: Red, purple, and yellow

• Sassafras: Yellow, orange, and red

Fall foliage is a beautiful reminder of the changing seasons. It is also a sign that trees are preparing for winter so hopefully you are, too.

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Why We Sneeze

Why We Sneeze

one of the 22 native goldenrod species that bloom june-october in Missouri. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Are you blaming those late summer blooming yellow flowers for your allergies? Are you sure you're blaming the right yellow flowers?

Goldenrod (Solidago spp.) and ragweed (Ambrosia spp.) are often confused due to their similar late summer to fall blooming times. Although both have small yellow flowers, they are quite different in appearance, growing conditions, and allergy impacts.

Goldenrod (Solidago spp.):

• Appearance: Goldenrod has tall, upright stems with showy, bright yellow flowers arranged in dense clusters along the tops of the stems. The leaves are long, narrow, and alternately arranged. 

• Growing Conditions: Goldenrod thrives in sunny, open areas like meadows, prairies, and roadsides.

• It’s a hardy plant and tolerates various soil conditions, preferring well-drained, slightly dry soils.

• Pollination: Goldenrod is pollinated by insects, including bees and butterflies, making it a beneficial plant for pollinators.

• Its pollen is heavy and sticky, not easily airborne.

• Allergies: Goldenrod pollen is not distributed by wind so its not the cause of allergies.

• It is, however, often blamed for allergies and often removed from landscapes.

ragweed produces high pollen levels later summer and fall. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Ragweed (Ambrosia spp.):

• Appearance: Ragweed is more inconspicuous, with green, spiky flowers and finely divided, fern-like leaves. I

• t’s not as showy as goldenrod and appears weedy.

• Growing Conditions: Ragweed is often found in disturbed soils, along roadsides, fields, and waste areas.

• It thrives in sunny locations and is considered a highly invasive weed in many areas.

• Pollination: Ragweed is wind-pollinated, meaning its pollen is light and easily carried through the air.

• Allergies: Ragweed is the major culprit of fall allergies.

• Its pollen is highly allergenic and responsible for hay fever and other respiratory issues.

So stop pulling Goldenrod, those pretty yellow native flowers that feed bees and pollinators. It's ragweed that is aggravating your allergies, not Goldenrod!

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Amaryllis Nursery

baby amaryllis bulb getting ready to be planted so it grows more. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Amaryllis Nursery

One of the things I enjoy about growing Amaryllis is finding the baby bulbs attached to the side of a mother bulb that has recently bloomed and gone into dormancy.

It can take several years before the baby Amaryllis bulbs store enough energy so they can bloom but I like monitoring their growth and celebrate when they are finally an adult bulb.

this size amaryllis bulb is 4 years old and may bloom this year. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

To care for the small Amaryllis bulbs, I wait until they are big enough to remove from the mother bulb and can grow on their own. You will know when that is because the roots will be separating from the main bulb.

Plant the bulb the same way you would an adult bulb, buried about 1/3 from the bottom in good potting soil.

Water.

I also apply compost so the bulb has extra food as it collects sunlight in the bulb.

Once the greenery dies back, I may lift the bulbs and let them “rest” in a dark spot for a couple of months before planting them again.

Are they worth it?

See for yourself.

this is a collection of apple blossom amaryllis that usually bloom in january. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

I happen to think they are. Those lovely blooms brighten up my winter days and keep giving back year after year.

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Garden Book Gift Ideas

ready for gift-giving, these are some of the gardening-related boois I’m giving this holiday. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Garden Book Gift Ideas

Blame my grandmother. Every Christmas she would give us vintage books, some lovely first editions. We learned to appreciate the illustrations because at that time we didn't read English. It was my job as the oldest to make up a story to go with the images. That developed into a Christmas Eve tradition of opening one book to read. I still do that to this day.
What am I going to read this year?
I will have to decide from among three gardening books, all by authors I was lucky enough to meet earlier this year.
I am also giving these books as gifts so if you're lucky enough to get one, please be surprised.

•   Susan Betz wrote Herbal Houseplants, $12.67, a guide on how to raise herbs inside. Susan has been actively involved in growing and using herbs to educate the public about gardening and the natural world for more than 35 years.

•   Shelley Cramm wrote My Father is the Gardener,  $40, with lovely illustrations. She loves to see the ancient words of Scripture come alive in today’s gardens. Her background includes a Master of Architecture, work in architectural and garden design, and leadership of Bible study groups.
 
•   Michael Perry, AKA Mr. Plant Geek, wrote Hortus Curious $12.95, a sampling of weird and wacky plants with fun illustrations. I was making up stories without even thinking about it. He's from the UK where has a TV show. He's been  involved in gardening and plants since he was just five years old. 

•   Christy Wilhelmi AKA Gardenerd, wrote Garden Variety $12.97 is set in a California community garden and includes gardening tips. Christy runs a garden consulting business and features weekly videos and podcasts.

•   What about the beekeeping books? Those are books I wrote to help beekeepers get a good foundation to beginning beekeeping A Beekeeper’s Diary; Self-Guide to Keeping Bees $34.95 and a helpful guide on how to start a bee club $34.95, both on Amazon and from other book sellers. I'm a certified master beekeeper, master gardener and award-winning author. Autographed copies from here. $69.95 for both. You can also buy them at Bluebird Gardens autographed individually. I just heard Bee Club Basics is going to be used to establish a new club in Wichita, Kansas!

Order by December 15 to ensure Christmas delivery.

To personalize your book gifts, you can make magnetic bookmarks and add a supply of homemade cookies. Yumm!

Charlotte

Saving Marigold Seeds

An old paint pan makes a nice marigold seed-drying pan. (Charlotte Ekker Wiggins photo)

Saving Marigold Seeds

I have to confess, I fell out of interest in marigolds several years ago when the original bug-deterring plants seem to be less and less successful at keeping bugs at bay. Some bugs, such aas ladybugs, are good to have around. Other bugs, however, damage plants and need to be discouraged.

The reason marigolds are no longer effective is simple enough. Plant breeders have bred the insect-repelling pheromone out of some of the newer varieties, in part because some people don’t like the unique marigold scent. I myself love the pungent scent, which is what used to make them good plants to have around vegetable gardens.

This year, a friend gave me a couple of her dried marigold plants. I was startled to note the strong scent and asked her where she had picked up the seeds. From my grandmother, she said.

As it was snowing outside, I found myself picking off the flower heads to dry. There were two marigold colors, one yellow and one all orange. Once the plants were cleaned of most of their seeds, I spread the seeds in an old paint pan to dry.

After they are all dry, I will store them in bags ready for planting next spring.

Marigolds are annuals, so they only bloom one growing season. Well, unless some of the seeds end up tucked safely somewhere during winter, then you might find marigold plants popping up where you least expect them.

I still like their flowers so will save some seeds to scatter in my garden next spring after danger of frost. Will be interesting to see if these flowers are more aromatic and better deter bugs.

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Amaryllis Care

apple blossom amaryllis bulbs, some I’ve had for years, re-blooming. (charlotte ekkek wiggins photo)

Amaryllis Care

Amaryllis bulbs are popular for their large, colorful flowers and ease of care, especially during the winter months. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to plant and care for amaryllis bulbs:

Planting Amaryllis Bulbs:

1. Choose a Bulb: Select a healthy, firm bulb. Larger bulbs generally produce more flowers.

2. Select a Pot: Choose a pot that is 1-2 inches wider than the diameter of the bulb. Make sure it has drainage holes at the bottom.

3. Planting Depth: Fill the pot about one-third to one-half full with well-draining potting soil. Place the bulb in the center of the pot and add more soil, leaving the top third of the bulb exposed.

4. Watering: Water the bulb thoroughly after planting. Be careful not to overwater; excess water can lead to rotting. Let the top inch of the soil dry out before watering again.

Caring for Amaryllis Bulbs

1. Light: Place the pot in a bright, sunny location. Amaryllis plants need bright, indirect light to grow and bloom properly.

2. Temperature: Keep the plant in a room where the temperature is around 60-70°F (15-21°C). Cooler temperatures can prolong the bloom time.

3. Watering: Water the plant sparingly until you see the stem and leaves emerging. Then, water more regularly, keeping the soil evenly moist but not waterlogged.

4. Support: As the flower stalk grows, it might need support to prevent bending or falling over. You can use a stake or decorative support to keep it upright.

5. Fertilization: Once the flower buds appear, you can feed your amaryllis with a balanced liquid fertilizer every 2-4 weeks. Follow the package instructions for the proper dilution and application.

6. Deadheading: Remove spent flowers to encourage the plant to put more energy into developing new blooms.

7. After Blooming: After the flowers fade, cut the flower stalk about an inch above the bulb but leave the foliage. Continue to water and fertilize the plant as usual. Amaryllis can be encouraged to bloom again next year.

8. Dormancy: In late fall, stop watering and let the plant go dormant. Store the pot in a cool, dark place for 6-8 weeks. After this dormancy period, bring the plant back into the light, resume watering, and the cycle can begin again.

These bulbs are easy to grow and even easier to get to regrow. Some of mine are now 15 years old and big!

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Repurpose Leaf Bags

Fall leaf bags are excellent for storing dug up plants. (Charlotte Ekker Wiggins photo)

Repurpose Leaf Bags

There’s an excellent garden tool usually available in the fall but it’s not just for gathering leaves. Those large tall brown leaf bags make excellent temporary plant storage when you dig up plants.

Fall is an excellent time to move peonies and daylilies as long as they have about a month to settle in their roots before a hard frost. Well even if there is a hard frost, they need warm soil for their roots and that can stay warm until January.

Back to the brown paper bags.

Brown bags can be used to collect compost additions from the garden. (Charlotte Ekker Wiggins photo)

These brown paper bags are sold for leaf collection and are often used to haul leaf and grass clippings to our local recycling center.

The brown bags not only are double and triple thick but they can also be used to kill off hard to reach grassy areas. Once down, cover with wood chips to hold them in place.

Brown bags can also store plant trimmings for easy moving to compost piles.

If you are putting something with weight on it, add a piece of cardboard at the bottom to minimize the bags ripping from the weight.

If you happen to use these for leaves, dump the leaves and bring them back home. You can keep using them for many garden uses.

Now I haven’t decided when to introduce one of these to my cats as a cat toy. They love the smaller brown paper bags that hold groceries. What do you think, are these too big?

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

It's a Book Party!

My book a beekeeper’s diary will be among the book giveaways during the november 9, 2023 National garden bureau and garden communicators international book party.

It’s a Book Party!

You are cordially invited to National Garden Bureau and Garden Communicators International's virtual book party “Authors Talk Gardening” Thursday, November 9, 2023 6 P.M. CST/7:00 PM ET online. They will feature four exciting gardening books and their authors, followed by one-on-one author breakout rooms. Pre-register via Zoom

So tickled to be asked out of thousands of authors. So who are you going to meet besides me?

•   "Susan Betz is an Honorary Master Gardener, author and garden communicator.  She has been actively involved in growing and using herbs to educate the public about gardening and the natural world for more than 35 years. Susan is a member of the International Herb Association, Garden Communicators, the Ecological Landscape Alliance, and National Garden Bureau. She is a life member of the Herb Society of America and a charter member of their Native Herb Conservation committee and the Society’s sustainable garden initiative. She is the author of How to Grow Beautiful Herbs Indoors, For Flavor, Fragrance and Fun.

•   Shelley Cramm loves to see the ancient words of Scripture come alive in today’s gardens. She is the author of My Father is the Gardener, writes regularly for her Devotions Blog and speaks to garden clubs and faith groups about plants of the Bible and the garden connection. Her background includes a Master of Architecture, work in architectural and garden design, and leadership of Bible study groups, Toastmasters International, and Garden Communicators International. Inspiration to write about plants grew out of a routine of morning journaling and an enduring hope to finish the laundry and get out to the garden.

•   Michael Perry, AKA Mr. Plant Geek, hails from the U&K and is a fun and cheeky persona who has been involved in gardening and plants since he was just five years old. Mr. Plant Geek encompasses both an online and TV personality. He also fronts a successful blog and has created a unique range of clothing and accessories made for “Plant Geeks.” His book is Hortus Curious, a visual menagerie of the weirdest and wackiest plant species, written in a very accessible way.

•   Charlotte Ekker Wiggins is an award-winning author, beekeeper and gardener. Her one acre Missouri garden, where her neighbors said nothing would grow, is now a Monarch Way Station, Certified Wildlife Habitat and working apiary. She featured how she developed Bluebird Gardens April 2019 in her TEDx “why bugs matter.”  As a Master Gardener Emeritus, she focuses on native plants that provide food and cover for native bees and other pollinators. She is also a Great Plains Master Beekeeping Certified Master Beekeeper, developing books and classes to help beekeepers learn scientifically based best management practices. She keeps native and honey bees, mostly outdoors."
 
Besides meeting the authors, there will be book giveaways for in-person attendees and you may get holiday gift ideas, I know I did getting to know these authors. So mark your calendars for November 9, plan on what tea you're going to sip and pre-register here.

See you November 9!   Charlotte

Winter Forecasting

bees end winter and early spring at the top of their hives after consuming their way through stored honey. not a very reliable way to forecast winter weather. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Winter Forecasting

Not knowing what kind of weather is ahead can be scary. Shortly after moving to Missouri, USA, one of my neighbors tried to explain the rules behind woolly worm forecasting, a popular Ozarks fall pastime. Apparently some people in Missouri don't want to go into winter without at least a hint of what's ahead.

As I recall, all black woolly worms means a rough winter ahead; honey brown bands mean mild periods where the bands are on the worm. If the woolly worm has spiky protrusions, watch for ice. If it’s, well, “woollier” than normal, better bundle up.

Although woolly worms may be the most well known, there are other interesting winter forecasters in nature:

• Higher and larger ant and termite mounds mean a colder than normal winter. If they’re rushing back and forth in straight lines, rain is coming. When they go in search of food in random patterns, the weather will be good.

When I hear and read about ants and termites forecasting, I sometimes think to myself I would like to meet the person who sat around watching ants and then comparing their behavior to winter patterns. Then again, maybe not.

• Bees nests built higher than usual means cold weather ahead. They also cluster around, and in, the hive when stormy weather is approaching.

It’s true honeybees cluster – they don’t hibernate – inside a hive when stormy weather is approaching. As a beekeeper, it’s one of the ways I know bad weather is moving in. Bees also move up the hive through winter, eating the honey above them. My bees mid-September were already in their second of their three hive boxes so I moved them down to the first floor. That makes sure they have enough food for winter.

Is that a good predictor of weather? Probably not; it’s what bees do when daylight gets shorter.

• If you need to know the temperature, count the number of chirps in a 14-second time span of cricket chirping. Add 40 to that number and you’ll be within one degree. In fact, many insects tend to be more active when it’s warmer, including the sounds they make.

• If flies land and bite, rain is imminent.

• When Katydids begin their chirping chorus, you can expect the first hard frost in 90 days.

• Seeing more spiders than usual? That supposedly means abnormally cold temperatures ahead.

• If spider webs are flying in the wind, there will be no rain. If a spider puts up a web, the upcoming weather will be fine. If the spider removes it, a storm is on its way.

• There is also an Ozark tradition of cutting open persimmon seeds and checking the seed. A spoon shape inside indicates above average snowfall, a knife shape signals colder than normal temperatures and a fork shape means warmer than average temperatures. People opening up persimmons this year and finding only spoons.persimmon.

I have a very easy way to predict weather at my house. If my cats don't get out of bed, there's a high probability it's cold outside!

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Bringing Plants Inside

IT’S A MESS TRANSITIONING PLANTS INSIDE AND GETTING READY FOR WINTER. (CHARLOTTE EKKER WIGGINS PHOTO)

Bringing Plants Inside

It's time to bring tropical plants inside and the process is, frankly, a bit of a mess. The whole cycle can take a couple of weeks, if not more, so I start the end of September.

Our first hard frost is from October 30-November 14. Starting at the end of September gives plants time to adjust to the change in their growing conditions before I turn the house heat on.

The hardest part is deciding what plants come inside and which ones spend a few more weeks outside before a hard frost ends their life. I am cutting back on the number of plants I have on the deck over summer but it’s never easy to leave even one plant behind.

• Once lined up in order of priority and size, I replace the top 1-2 inches of soil with new soil to remove any eggs that may hibernate.

• Next a spray of dishwashing liquid mixed with water removes any bugs on top of, and under, leaves. I also use a mixture of Neem oil and water in a spray bottle for those plants harboring bugs on leaves.

• Time for a trim. Some plants expand over summer so they need a trim to better fit the inside space.

• Hitchhiker check. Tree frogs, lizards and grasshoppers sometimes end up inside, to the delight of my cats. Best to leave them outside.

  It's work but so appreciated later when its cold and snowy outside and I'm having a warm cup of tea surrounded by greenery.

  Charlotte

Why Not Rake Leaves

weather conditions including drought can cause leaves to fall early late summer. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Why Not Rake Leaves

For years I've let my oak and hickory tree leaves fall on my hillside garden. Some years I've even hauled in bags of chopped leaves for additional mulch. Leaves are not only excellent winter cover but they are home to a number of beneficial garden residents who otherwise would not survive our Midwest cold winter weather.

Not convinced? I know, raking up fall leaves is a common practice but that doesn't make it right. Hopefully by now we understand those manicured lawns are insect and pollinator wastelands so we need to reconsider how we manage our gardens.  

There are other benefits of not raking up leaves:

1. Habitat for Wildlife: Fallen leaves provide a natural habitat for various insects, amphibians, and small mammals during winter months. Raking them up can disrupt these ecosystems and reduce biodiversity in your yard.

2. Soil Enrichment: When left to decompose, leaves can break down and enrich the soil with valuable organic matter. This improves soil structure, moisture retention, and nutrient content, benefiting your garden or lawn.

3. Time and Energy Savings: Raking leaves can be a time-consuming and physically demanding task, especially if you have a large yard with many trees. Allowing leaves to naturally decompose can save you both time and energy.

4. Cost Savings: You can save money on bags or disposal fees associated with collecting and disposing of leaves. Instead, you can use leaves as a free source of mulch or compost for your garden.

5. Environmental Impact: Burning leaves releases carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and climate change. Composting or mulching leaves is a more environmentally friendly option.

6. Erosion Control: A layer of leaves can help protect the soil from erosion, particularly on slopes or hilly areas. They act as a natural barrier against heavy rain and wind.

7. Aesthetic Appeal: Some people find the natural look of leaves on the ground to be aesthetically pleasing. It can create a cozy and rustic atmosphere in your yard during the fall season.

8. Fertilization: As leaves decompose, they release nutrients back into the soil, acting as a natural fertilizer for your plants and trees.

However, there are situations where raking leaves may be necessary, such as when leaves are excessively thick and could smother growth; or when they pose a safety hazard, such as blocking drainage systems. If you have to collect leaves, use them for mulch, composting, or as a natural weed barrier in your garden beds.

Think it about this way. Trees are delivering leaves to you. Use them and help wintering garden residents at the same time!

For more tips on gardening, beekeeping, cooking and easy home decor, subscribe to my weekly Garden Notes.

Charlotte

Why Leaves Change Color

even native dogwoods are struggling through drought. (charlotte ekjer wiggins photo)

Why Leaves Change Color in Fall

I used to be the answer desk for when leaves change color in Missouri. A popular tourist draw, communities would plan fall and pumpkin festivals with apple cider drinks and craft shows.

Now retired from that job, I still enjoy the fall changing of leaf colors.

Trees change color in the fall due to a combination of factors, including shorter days, cooler temperatures, and less sunlight. As the days get shorter, trees begin to produce less chlorophyll, the green pigment that allows them to absorb sunlight and photosynthesize. As chlorophyll levels decrease, the other pigments in the leaves, such as carotenoids and anthocyanins, become more visible.

Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and brown pigments that are present in leaves throughout the growing season. However, they are masked by the green chlorophyll.

In fall, as chlorophyll breaks down, the carotenoids become more visible, giving leaves their yellow and orange hues.

Anthocyanins are red, purple, and blue pigments that are produced in leaves in response to cool temperatures, bright light, and stress. As the weather cools in fall and the days get shorter, trees produce more anthocyanins. This gives leaves their striking red, purple, and crimson colors.

another fall color in native flowering dogwoods, purple. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Here are 9 examples of tree leaves and their fall color:

• Sugar maple: Red, orange, and yellow

• Red maple: Red, orange, and purple

• Oak: Red, orange, brown, and yellow

• Hickory: Yellow, orange, and brown

• Ash: Yellow, orange, and purple

• Birch: Yellow, orange, and red

• Sweetgum: Red, orange, and yellow

• Dogwood: Red, purple, and yellow

• Sassafras: Yellow, orange, and red

The intensity and variety of fall colors vary from year to year, depending on weather conditions. Continued drought can cause leaves to fall earlier without noting a color change.

Fall foliage is a beautiful reminder of the changing seasons. It is also a sign that trees are preparing for winter. The leaves will eventually fall from trees, leaving the branches bare. This helps to conserve water and energy during winter months.

Charlotte

Mulberry Weeds

Mulberry weeds have sweet purple flowers as they grow in my driveway gravel. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Mulberry Weeds

I remember when these invasives were first introduced to my hillside garden. They were growing in a pot of perennials I bought on sale. I didn’t recognize the invasive at the time so I let it grow to see what it was. Who doesn’t like a two for one sale!

However. This is how many invasives make their way into our gardens. According to d***

Mulberry weeds, also known as Morus alba or white mulberry, are invasive plants that can quickly spread and crowd out native vegetation. These weeds are particularly an issue in many parts of North America. Here's a description of mulberry weeds and some ways to eliminate them:

1. Appearance: Mulberry weeds have simple, serrated leaves that are typically lobed and heart-shaped. The leaves are often glossy green on top and paler underneath.

2. Fruit: One of the most distinctive features of mulberry weeds is their fruit. They produce small, sweet, and dark-purple to black berries that are edible for both humans and wildlife. While the berries are tasty, the prolific seed production of these plants contributes to their invasive nature. They will distribute seeds when they are as little as three inches tall.

3. Habitat: Mulberry weeds can grow in a wide range of habitats, including open fields, disturbed areas, roadsides, and forest edges. They are highly adaptable and can tolerate different soil types and moisture conditions.

How to Eliminate Mulberry Weeds

1. Manual Removal: For small infestations, you can manually remove mulberry weeds by cutting them down to ground level or digging out the roots. Be sure to remove all plant material, including the roots, to prevent regrowth.

2. Mowing: Regular mowing can help control the growth of mulberry weeds in open areas. Mow them down before they produce fruit to prevent seed dispersal.

3. Mulch and Ground Cover: Planting ground cover plants or applying mulch in the affected area can help smother and suppress mulberry weeds. This can be especially effective in garden beds and landscaped areas.

4. Prevention: The best way to deal with mulberry weeds is to prevent their establishment in the first place. Avoid planting them in your landscape, and be vigilant about removing young mulberry plants before they become established.

It's important to note that controlling mulberry weeds may require ongoing efforts, as they can be persistent and continue to produce seeds that contribute to their spread. Additionally, it's crucial to adhere to local regulations and guidelines for weed control, as well as to consider the potential impact on native ecosystems when managing invasive species.

Charlotte

Snakeroot

white snakeroot makes my garden look snow-covered. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

White Snakeroot

It’s that time of year when the garden starts to wind down and prepare for winter. One of the reminders is blooming white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosium). White snakeroot is a North American native plant known for its toxic properties. It contains tremetol, a compound that can be harmful to livestock when consumed.

Historically, the consumption of white snakeroot-contaminated milk by cattle led to a condition called "milk sickness," which could also affect humans who consumed dairy products from affected cows. US President Abraham Lincoln’s mother may have died from consuming contaminated milk with snakeroot.

white snakeroot will plant itself with little gardener care. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Snakeroot plants are airy, giving the garden a nice contrasting plant form.

The plants are also part of the fall blooming plants that provide pollinators including bees with a last chance of collecting food to store for winter.

snakeroot flowers are a group of tiny flowers. (charlotte ekker wiggins photo)

Although noted for growing in wet areas, I have snakeroot growing all over my limestone hillside.

When growing in a bad spot, they are easy to remove since they have shallow roots.

Interestingly enough, Don Kurz in “Ozark Wildflowers’ notes Native American Indians used snakeroot to cure a number of ailments. More recently it’s been noted snakeroot may have anticancer properties.

Charlotte